A Comprehensive Descriptive Grammar of English - Contents (KAITAKUSHA Publishing Co., Ltd.)


	Preface		v
	Phonological Symbols		xiv
	Abbreviations and Symbols		xv

Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1. Linguistics		1
	1.2. Semantics		4
	1.3. Morphemes		6
	1.4. Words		11
	1.5. Parts of speech		13
	1.6. Syntax		16
	1.7. Noun phrases		27
	1.8. Prepositional phrases		42
	1.9. Verb phrases		46

Chapter 2 Morphology
	2.1. The plural of nouns		61
		2.1.1. Plural in -s or -es	61
		2.1.2. Plural in -en	63
		2.1.3. Mutation (change of the root vowel)	63
		2.1.4. Foreign plurals	63
		2.1.5. The plural of noun compounds	64
		2.1.6. Notes	66
	2.2. The genitive		66
		2.2.1. The genitive singular	66
		2.2.2. The genitive plural	68
	2.3. The formation of verb forms		68
		2.3.1. The third person singular of the present tense	68
		2.3.2. Forms in -(e)d: past tense and past participle of weak verbs	69
		2.3.3. Forms in -ing: present participle or gerund	76
	2.4. Formation of the comparative and superlative		77
		2.4.1. Regular forms in -er and -est	77
		2.4.2. Irregular forms	78
		2.4.3. Degrees of comparison with more and most	80
		2.4.4. Latin comparatives	80
	2.5. The formation of adverbs		80
		2.5.1. The form of the adverb	80
		2.5.2. The formation of adverbs in -ly	83

Chapter 3 The Tenses
	3.1. Introduction		86
	3.2. The absolute tenses		89
		3.2.1. The present tense	89
		3.2.2. The past tense	93
		3.2.3. The present perfect	97
		3.2.4. The future tense	110
	3.3. The expression of temporal relations in a domain		117
		3.3.1. The relations in a past time-sphere domain	118
		3.3.2. The relations in a pre-present sector domain	121
		3.3.3. Relating a situation to a present time of orientation	127
		3.3.4. Relations in a post-present domain	128
	3.4. Sloppy simultaneity		132
	3.5. Alternatives to temporal subordination		134
	3.6. Different ways of establishing a domain		143
	3.7. Direct and indirect binding		144
	3.8. Temporal focus		146
	3.9. Implicit time of orientation		150
	3.10. Adverbial time clauses		151

Chapter 4 Progressive Aspect
	4.1. Durative or progressive aspect		157
		4.1.1. General meaning	157
		4.1.2. Normal uses of the progressive	158
		4.1.3. Special uses of the progressive	163
		4.1.4. Conditions for the use of the progressive	167
	4.2. The use of simple (nonprogressive) tense forms		175

Chapter 5 The Auxiliary DO
	5.1. Introduction		184
	5.2. Sentences involving inversion		184
	5.3. Negative clauses		188
	5.4. Do for emphasis		188
	5.5. Do as a substitute for lexical verbs and verb phrases		189
	5.6. Notes on the use of do with have		197

Chapter 6 The Passive Voice
	6.1. Introduction		200
	6.2. The passive transformation		204
	6.3. The use of the passive		211

Chapter 7 The Adverbials
	7.1. Introduction		214
	7.2. Classes of adverbials and their positions		219
		7.2.1. Adjuncts	219
		7.2.2. Subjuncts	227
		7.2.3. Disjuncts	232
		7.2.4. Conjuncts (conjunctive adverbials, linking adverbials)	234

Chapter 8 The Noun
	8.1. Number		236
	8.2. Case		252
	8.3. Gender		258

Chapter 9 Pronouns and Pronominal Determiners
	9.1. Introduction		262
	9.2. The personal pronouns		264
		9.2.1. Person	264
		9.2.2. Gender	272
		9.2.3. Case	273
	9.3. The compound personal pronoun		275
		9.3.1. As reflexive pronoun	275
		9.3.2. The compound personal pronoun as emphasizer	277
		9.3.3.The compound personal pronoun with reciprocal meaning	278
	9.4. Demonstrative pronouns and determiners		279
	9.5. Interrogative pronouns and determiners		282
	9.6. Possessive pronouns and determiners		285
	9.7. Indefinite pronouns and determiners		287
		9.7.1. One	287
		9.7.2. Either, neither	291
		9.7.3. All, each, every, both	292
		9.7.4. Some, any	299
		9.7.5. Other	305
		9.7.6. No, none, nothing, nobody, no one	307
		9.7.7. Few, little, many, much	309
		9.7.8. Such, so	313
		9.7.9. Half, double, twice, three times, etc., one third, etc	315
		9.7.10. Numerals	317

Chapter 10 The Article
	10.1. Introduction		320
	10.2. The use of the definite article		326
	10.3. The use of the indefinite article		338

Chapter 11 The Adjective
	11.1. The use of comparative and superlative forms		342
	11.2. Further syntactic characteristics of the adjective		345

Chapter 12 The Modal System
	12.1. Introduction		351
	12.2. Inflectional modal forms		353
		12.2.1. The subjunctive	353
		12.2.2. Modal indicative forms	355
	12.3. Modality expressed by modal auxiliaries		360
		12.3.1. Volition (determination, willingness, intention, insistence)	360
		12.3.2. Permission	369
		12.3.3. Prohibition	373
		12.3.4. Compulsion, obligation, necessity	375
		12.3.5. Absence of compulsion or necessity	386
		12.3.6. Ability	389
		12.3.7. Possibility	397
		12.3.8. Impossibility	405
		12.3.9. Epistemic necessity	406
		12.3.10. Probability, expectation, predictability, belief, conjecture	412
		12.3.11. Wish	416
		12.3.12. Habit	416
		12.3.15. The verb dare	418
	12.4. Modal auxiliaries in subclauses		420
		12.4.1. Noun clauses	420
		12.4.2. Conditional clauses	423
		12.4.3. Subclauses after expressions of wish or hope	438
		12.4.4. Subclauses after expressions of apprehension and fear	440
		12.4.5. Adverbial clauses of purpose	441
		12.4.6. Adverbial clauses of concession	443

Chapter 13 The Participle
	13.1. Morphological characteristics		447
	13.2. Syntactic characteristics		451
	13.3. The function of the participle (clause) in the sentence		453
		13.3.1. Prenominal modifier	453
		13.3.2. Postnominal modifier	454
		13.3.3. Subject complement	455
		13.3.4. Supplementire clause	456
		13.3.5. Object complement	458
		13.3.6. Absolute participial clause	461
		13.3.7. Unrelated participle	463

Chapter 14 The Infinitive
	14.1. Morphological and syntactic characteristics		465
		14.1.1. Morphological characteristics	465
		14.1.2. Syntactic characteristics	466
	14.2. The syntactic function of the infinitive clause in the sentence		468
		14.2.1. The infinitive with to (or 'marked infinitive')	468
		14.2.2. The infinitive without to	487

Chapter 15 The Gerund
	15.1. Morphology		493
	15.2. Syntactic characteristics of the gerund		495
	15.3. The possible functions of a gerund clause		501
		15.3.1. Subject	501
		15.3.2. Gerund clauses functioning as subject complement	502
		15.3.3. Gerund clauses functioning as direct object	502
		15.3.4. Gerund clauses functioning as object complement	514
		15.3.5. Gerund clauses functioning as indirect object	514
		15.3.6. Gerund clauses functioning as object of a preposition	514
		15.3.7. A gerund clause as complement of an adjective	518
		15.3.8. A gerund clause following as, than, or except/but	518

Chapter 16 Indirect Speech and Thought
	16.1. Introduction		520
	16.2. Indirect speech and thought		521
		16.2.1. Reporting a statement	521
		16.2.2. Questions	527
		16.2.3. Commands	529
		16.2.4. Exclamations and yes/no	529
		16.2.5. Stretches of discourse	530
	16.3. Free indirect speech		530

Chapter 17 Relative Clauses
	17.1. IntrodUctior		532
	17.2. The relative connectives		535
	17.3. Complex constructions		549
	17.4. The word order in the relative clause		551

	Bibliography		554
	Index		559